HISTORY OF PANCREATIC SURGERY: FROM DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY TO MODERN PROCEDURES

Abstract

Introduction. Pancreatic surgery is one of the most challenging fields of digestive surgery, and its evolution has been closely linked to advances in anatomy, physiology, anesthesia, antisepsis, and surgical techniques.

Objectives. To review the historical development of pancreatic surgery, from the earliest anatomical descriptions of the pancreas and the discovery of its physiological functions to the evolution of modern surgical procedures.

Methods. A narrative review of historical and medical literature was performed, focusing on the major anatomical and physiological discoveries related to the pancreas and the milestones in the development of pancreatic surgery, with particular emphasis on the contributions of the pioneers who shaped this discipline.

Results. The development of pancreatic surgery resulted from the progressive accumulation of anatomical and physiological knowledge, followed by the evolution of surgical management of pancreatic cystic lesions, biliary bypass procedures, pancreatic resections, and transduodenal operations. The standardization of pancreatoduodenectomy by Allen O. Whipple, building upon the pioneering work of Alessandro Codivilla and Walther Kausch, represented the decisive milestone in the establishment of modern pancreatic surgery. Subsequent advances in the surgical treatment of chronic and acute pancreatitis, pancreatic transplantation, and minimally invasive surgery further expanded therapeutic possibilities.

Conclusions. The history of pancreatic surgery demonstrates that the progress of this discipline has been driven by the continuous integration of anatomical discoveries, physiological research, and surgical innovation. Understanding the historical milestones that led to modern pancreatic surgery provides valuable insight into current practice and future developments.